Language Tip 8 (2014-15)

Who vs. that

Some people claim that relative clauses which relate to persons should only be introduced by “who” and never by “that,” although the latter option is in fact very common.

According to this logic, the following is WRONG:
“The person that gave me the advice was mistaken.”

It is not wrong. It is just as correct as:
“The person who gave me the advice was mistaken.”

Tracking down the “some people” who/that claim “relative clauses which relate to persons should only be introduced by ‘who’” is difficult. Perhaps because it’s a silly made-up rule.

That said, a fair number of English speakers get irritated when ‘that’ is used for persons, and if the person reading your grant/job application is one of them, consequences may be grave rather than silly. If you don’t know your audience (or you know they are grammar Nazis) and the outcome is important to you, stay on the safe side, otherwise feel free to use whichever you like.

For more on this topic, see: http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/who-versus-that

Of course, never use ‘which’ in place of ‘who’ – “That is that woman which [sic] sits beside me in class” begs for a little ‘discussion’, not unlike here:

Jason Blake and Monika Kavalir

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Language Tip 7 (2014-15)

Quoting.

Quoting is not a get-out-syntax-free card. When you integrate quoted words into your sentence, your “combined” sentence has to be grammatical.

This is nonsense:

In “Strange Fits of Passion Have I Known” Wordsworth uses the symbol of the moon to increase suspense, “the sinking moon,” “on the descending moon,” leading all the way to “at once, the bright moon dropped,” to mark his arrival at Lucy’s cottage, where, “if Lucy should be dead.”

There are two easy tests for whether you have quoted properly:

i) Read your sentence aloud. Is it syntactically sound?

ii) Temporarily eliminate the quotation marks and look at your sentence. Does it make grammatical sense? Can you tell where the quoted passages are? (No? That’s a good thing in this case!)

After all, nobody would write a sentence like this:

In Strange Fits of Passion Have I Known Wordsworth uses the symbol of the moon to increase suspense, the sinking moon, on the descending moon, leading all the way to at once, the bright moon dropped, to mark his arrival at Lucy’s cottage, where, if Lucy should be dead.

Just remember to put the quotation marks back if you use the second test.

 

Here’s another example, albeit one that is syntactically confusing rather than flat-out wrong:

The rhyme “This Is the House That Jack Built” is replete with domestic animals, “the cat / That chased the rat” and dairy products, “the cheese.”

Solution 1:

“This Is the House That Jack Built” is replete with domestic animals, including “the cat / That chased the rat[,]” and dairy products, specifically, “the cheese.”

Solution 2:

“This Is the House That Jack Built” is replete with domestic animals and dairy products, including “the cat / That chased the rat” and “the cheese.”

Try putting the passage on Wordsworth into a sentence that is both correct and clear.
Jason Blake and Monika Kavalir

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Language Tip 6 (2014-15)

“Albeit” is tricky to use correctly, which is probably why students don’t use it often. Also, dictionaries give “albeit” bad press. Some dicitionaries cautiously label it “formal” or “literary,” while others slander it with “old-fashioned,” “archaic” and “obsolete.”

If “albeit” is no longer used, could someone please inform The Guardian and the New York Times? In other words, it is very much in use, and not just by old people.

Here are some very recent examples from those two newspapers (from a variety of sections, not just the hoity-toity arts pages).

The Guardian

“The rhetoric might sound antiquated but, in a sense, we now take for granted Bebel’s communal kitchens, albeit in private form.”
“In 1967, The Beatles and a BBC executive called Aubrey Singer managed to unite the world, albeit briefly, with the first global satellite broadcast.”
“McGeady created chances for Naismith and Lukaku, albeit both with the same result as his colleagues missed the target, and it was from his corner that Everton doubled their advantage.”

The New York Times
“My survey made me realize that, at heart, I’m a purist — albeit not immune to the appeal of the zanier specimens [of donuts].”
“But, on the plus side, the overall number of women in Congress will rise, albeit at a rate that would get us to equal representation sometime around 2078.”
“And his interwoven story lines, intentionally or not, evoke a piece of jazz, albeit one that’s Buddy Bolden raggedy in places.”

Here are some examples of INCORRECT USAGE:
“We know that – albeit neither of the tests is yet optimal – they are adequate.”*

“According to the author, studying literature is required for education, albeit it is often viewed as unnecessary.”*

…and here are some tips for using it correctly – that is, not as a perfect and simple synonym for “although.”

1) It’s not good style to use albeit as part of a finite clause. To play it safe, use “albeit” where there’s no verb around, e.g.:
“I kept on reading the book, albeit very slowly.”
“The free wifi was, albeit rather slow, a nice touch.”

2) You can also use it with a non-finite verbal form but then make it clear this happens outside the main sentence frame:

“The author claims that, albeit often viewed as unnecessary, studying literature is required for education.”

A good test is that you should always be able to put the part introduced by “albeit” in brackets or separate it from the rest of the sentence with dashes.

(If this explanation isn’t long enough for you, try: http://grammarist.com/usage/albeit/)

Jason Blake and Monika Kavalir

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Language Tip 5 (2014-15)

The frequent confusing of “depressing” and “depressive” is depressing and it will soon turn us into depressives.

In plain English: “depressing” is the (oft-used) adjective, “depressive” the (seldom-used) noun.

If you want to say you’re feeling a little down or blue or glum, just say “depressed.”

(Admittedly, “depressive” also exists as an adjective, but it’s used almost exclusively in medical contexts.)

Jason Blake and Dr. Monika Kavalir

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Language Tip 4 (2014-15)

Once upon a time, one of us had a job teaching sugar-charged Mexican kids English. “Maestro” was the charming term they used (as in, “Maestro, Pedro won’t stop hitting me!”).

Slovenians have their own difficulties with “teacher” or “professor,” so please read these tips carefully.

1) Teacher vs. professor: In English, only university teachers are ever called professor. For generic situations “teacher” is a better expression to use. If you’re not sure, ask your instructor.

2) In e-mails, both “Dear professor X” and “Dear prof. X” are wrong. Do not abbreviate, but do capitalize “Professor” in e-mails.

In other words, capitalize “Professor,” just as you would capitalize “Mr.” or “Dr.” (for more on this, see Tip #73 at http://www2.arnes.si/~bjason/101%20Tips%20-%20BLAKE.pdf).

3) Realize, please, that “Mr. Jason” or “prof. Uroš” verges on the barbaric. At the university level this gaffe is inexcusable.

4) According to the Chicago Manual of Style, abbreviated titles before a full name are more common than only before only a last name (e.g. “Sen. Kirsten E. Gillibrand” vs. “Senator Gillibrand”). “[W]here space is tight,” the abbreviation “Prof.” “may precede a full name.” E-mails do not qualify as cramped writing quarters.
(At the risk of harping, in the last ten e-mails one of us received, only a single student managed to get the salutation right. This is a little matter that matters a great deal – if you botch the “Dear” in a scholarship or job application, rejection is almost guaranteed.)
Jason Blake and Monika Kavalir

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Language Tip 3 (2014-15)

Do not mix up “motive” and “motif.”
In English, a “motive” is what compels you to commit a crime.
A “motif” is a recurring idea or image in a work of literature (or a thrice-heard theme in music).

Because “motif” is a technical term, it sounds funny if you get it wrong – the mix-up has a whiff of malapropism.
Put differently, writing “motive” for “motif” is like confusing words in a set expression, like writing “Don’t get a wasp in your bonnet” instead of the usual “bee.”
Jason Blake and Monika Kavalir

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Language Tip 2 (2014-15)

E-mails are both difficult and easy to write. You know why they are easy to write, but why are they difficult? That’s a topic for an MA thesis (“Bad E-Mails: When Technology Meets Old Epistolary Conventions”).

When writing emails in a formal educational setting, the best way to start is with Dear + title (to keep it simple, use Dr. if the person has a PhD, otherwise use Mr. or Ms. as appropriate) + last name. Only use the teacher’s first name if they’ve given you leave to do so. “Hey” is too chummy and “Yo” is completely out. “Greetings” sounds curiously quaint. Use it at your own peril (one of us likes it, the other doesn’t).

A few other tidbits:
1) “Dear” in English is slowly losing currency. It is an empty salutation and nowhere near as intimate-sounding as “Dragi/Draga”
2) Formality. A good way of showing that you are annoyed is to increase the level of formality in your e-mails. Keep this in mind if you are not annoyed but suddenly sound formal in your e-mail exchanges. For example, if you conclude “Cheers, Johnny” in E-mail 1, do not conclude “Sincerely, Johnathan Bartholomew Cubbins” in E-mail 2 – unless you are seriously peeved.
3) Keep ’em short.
4) Be very, very careful with the auto-correction function on smartphones.
A very funny link:
Izposojeni genij

A not very funny link:
“E-mail ettiquette” (Tip 2) at http://www2.arnes.si/~bjason/101%20Tips%20-%20BLAKE.pdf

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Language Tip 1 (2014-15)

Here’s the first of a series of language tips (prepared by Jason Blake and Monika Kavalir):

Especially in formal writing, avoid using “way” as a synonym for “very.”
Consider this example:

“This is because the alloy has a distinct appearance or morphology WAY different from other alloys.”

(We understand only the register clash in that sentence.)

Preferable:

“This is because the alloy has a distinct appearance or morphology VERY different from other alloys.”
Way for emphasis: The word way can be used to add emphasis to what you are saying, but you need to be careful about two things: (a) it’s a synonym of far, so you can say way/far behind and way/far better, but not way/far good; (b) it’s used in informal language only.

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Call for Papers: ELOPE XII – Spring (2015)

Call for Papers: Negotiating Cultural Encounters with the English-Speaking World

ELOPE (English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries), a double-blind, peer-reviewed academic journal, publishes original research articles, studies and essays that address issues of English language, literature, teaching and translation. The 2015 special issue invites contributors to submit articles that take a close and critical look at the cultural differences and barriers encountered in interaction with English-speaking countries and the specificities of English-mediated intercultural communication. Cultural, i.e. socially constructed concepts can be analysed not only as they relate to the pervasive British and American cultures, but also locally (e.g. Scotland, Wales, Ireland) and internationally (World Englishes, English as a lingua franca).

Papers should be between 5,000 and 8,000 worlds in length, with an abstract of 150–180 words. They should conform to the journal’s style sheet available at http://www.sdas.edus.si/elope.html and should be sent to guest editors andrej.stopar@ff.uni-lj.si and monika.kavalir@ff.uni-lj.si by 31 January 2015. Prospective authors are encouraged to contact the guest editors with regard to possible article themes or other inquiries.

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Call for Papers: Anglica Wratislaviensia

Call for Papers

Anglica Wratislaviensia

vol. 53/2015

Anglica Wratislaviensia, an international, peer-refereed, annual journal publishes original research articles and book review articles in all areas of English, American and Anglophone literature and culture, theoretical and applied linguistics, second language acquisition and translation studies.

 Anglica Wratislaviensia welcomes submissions of manuscripts related to all of the journal’s fields. Papers should be between 3000 and 4000 worlds in length, including footnotes and and abstract. They should conform to the journal’s style sheet available at www.ifa.uni.wroc.pl/index.php/linki/anglica-wratislaviensia and should be sent, together with the author’s short bio, to anglicawratslaviensia@gmail.com by 15 November 2014.

The 2016 special issue of Anglica Wratislaviensia will be devoted to the question of emotions in second language acquisition and foreign language teaching. Its theme editor, Anna Michońska-Stadnik invites submissions of articles on subjects related to the fields by 15 November 2015.

Prof. Ewa Kębłowska-Ławniczak

/Editor/

Department of English Studies

Wrocław University

ul. Kuźnicza 22

50-138 Wrocław

Poland

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